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The example starts off with the IComponent interface and a simple Component class that implements it (lines 9 17). There are two decorators that also implement the interface; each of them includes a declaration of an IComponent, which is the object it will decorate. DecoratorA (lines 19 31) is fairly plain and simply implements the Operation by calling it on the component it has stored, then adding something to the string it returns (line 28). DecoratorB (lines 33 50) is more elaborate. It also implements the Operation in its own way, but it offers some public addedState (line 35) and addedBehavior (lines 47 49) as well. In both implemented operations, the component s Operation method is called first, but this is not a requirement of the pattern; it merely makes for more readable output in this example. The Client class is responsible for creating components and decorators in various configurations and displaying the result of calling the Operation in each case. Cases 2 and 3 (lines 63 64) decorate the basic component in different ways, as shown in the output on lines 79 80. Cases 4 and 5 apply two decorators, a B and an A, in different orders. In cases 2 4, the decorator objects are instantiated and used immediately, then discarded. In case 5, we create a DecoratorB object and keep this instance in a variable of the same type (instead of IComponent), so we can invoke the new behavior:

The value you ll assign to the parameterized postal code is contained in the variable strParamZIP. The value can be the result of text input, or, if you prefer, taken directly off the query string. The code to access it from the query string will look like this:

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string strParamZIP = "98011"; if (Request.Params["ZIP"] != null) strParamZIP = Request.Params["ZIP"];

Let s now jump into our first portlet. You can compile this portlet class, package it with the deployment descriptors, and deploy it on your portal to see it run. Often the hardest part of developing with a new technology is just getting something compiled and running on a server. In this book, we are going to limit our example portlets to the concepts being described, so our ideas do not get lost in implementation details. This portlet is about as basic as a portlet can be. The following listing (FirstPortlet.java) is a very simple portlet that displays the same message every time it is rendered in a portal page. Every portlet must implement the Portlet interface. Your portlets should extend the GenericPortlet abstract class, which implements Portlet itself. That way, you can take advantage of the methods on the GenericPortlet class, which we will discuss further on. The Portlet and GenericPortlet classes are in the javax.portlet package, just like the rest of the classes in the portlet API. Figure 2-1 shows the portlet running on Pluto.

package com.portalbook.portlets; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.Writer; import javax.portlet.GenericPortlet; import javax.portlet.PortletException; import javax.portlet.RenderRequest; import javax.portlet.RenderResponse; public class FirstPortlet extends GenericPortlet { protected void doView(RenderRequest request, RenderResponse response) throws PortletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html"); Writer writer = response.getWriter(); writer.write("Help, I'm a portlet, and I'm trapped in a portal!"); } }

DecoratorB b = new DecoratorB(new Component( )); Display("5. A-B-decorated : ", new DecoratorA(b)); // Invoking its added state and added behavior Console.WriteLine("\t\t\t"+b.addedState + b.AddedBehavior( )); 5. A-B-decorated : I am walking to school and listening to Classic FM past the Coffee Shop and I bought a cappuccino

But if you use code like this, don t forget to sanitize strParamZIP before passing it to the database to avoid injection attacks. By sanitize, I mean that you should evaluate the value contained within strParamZIP and make sure it s a valid postal code, not some other (invalid) text. Now if you run your application, your query string can contain a postal code, and the query results for that postal code will be displayed. Figure 4-18 shows an example of this where I used a postal code of 14111.

As you can see, there is a lot of similarity between this simple portlet and an equally simple servlet. Both use request and response objects. The getWriter() methods on a portlet response and a servlet response are analogous. The portlet throws a PortletException instead of a ServletException. The content types on each response are similar. There are several notable differences, however, even with this simple example.